Salvador Olvera Cruz
(Segunda parte)
En la colaboración anterior se dio a conocer el llamado telefónico que recibiera Higinio Álvarez el 21 de abril de 1914, en que se le avisó a Colima, que la escuadra estadounidense estaba bombardeando el Puerto de Veracruz e inmediatamente suspendió los trabajos de irrigación y agropecuarios para salir a pedir armas para defender el Honor de la Patria.
Asimismo señalamos que al día siguiente – 22 de abril a las cinco horas -, salió Álvarez García hacia el puerto de Manzanillo en un tren especial con cincuenta hombres armados y pagados de su peculio a defender el citado puerto.
Sobre lo anterior el 28 del mismo mes de abril, a las 4 p.m. entró a la bahía el Crucero acorazado Raleigh, deteniéndose a 300 metros de la estación de los ferrocarriles del puerto de Manzanillo, y al iniciar las maniobras de desembarco, Higinio Álvarez García abrió fuego de fusilería sobre la Infantería de Marina que cubría la sobrecubierta del Crucero; que suspendió las maniobras de desembarco y viró, saliéndose de la bahía, anclándose a milla y media de distancia.
Sobre la citada embarcación estadounidense denominada oficialmente El USS Raleigh (C-8) cabe mencionar que esta fue un crucero protegido de la Armada de los Estados Unidos dada de alta en 1894 y que en distintos periodos, estuvo activo hasta 1919.
En su historial se registra que el 6 de diciembre de 1913, partió de Puget Sound. Navegando con rumbo sur y se unió a la flota activa para servir en la estación naval de México principalmente en Manzanillo, Mazatlán, La Paz, y Guaymas, durante los cuatro años siguientes. Durante su servicio en México, tuvo otras dos breves asignaciones en Ocos, Guatemala, desde el 6 al 25 de octubre de 1915, y en Corinto, Nicaragua, desde el 1 de abril al 26 de julio de 1916.
Finalmente el 21 de abril de 1919 fue dado de baja por última vez, y el 5 de agosto de 1921 fue vendido para desguace a Henry A. Hitner’s Sons Co., de Filadelfia, Pensilvania.
Con los datos antes citados queda claro que al darse el llamado telefónico que recibiera el 21 de abril de 1914 Don Higinio Álvarez, dándole a conocer que la Escuadra americana estaba bombardeando el Puerto de Veracruz; se abocara a defender el Honor de la Patria, ya que su institucionalidad y vocación castrense así se lo demandaba.
Trasladándose a Manzanillo una vez enterado que en nuestro puerto se encontraba el acorazado estadounidense Raleigh, que amenazaba tomar para sumarlo a la toma del puerto de Veracruz.
El hecho anterior consta en su expediente de la Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, donde se encuentra también un Certificado del Gobierno de Washington sobre estos hechos, obtenido, 20 años después.
Por este hecho de armas, el Primer Jefe del Gobierno Constitucionalista, Don Venustiano Carranza, le expidió a Higinio Álvarez García el Despacho de Teniente Coronel de Caballería con antigüedad del 22 de abril de 1914. Despacho que aceptó y conservó como un trofeo, sin incorporarse al Ejército.
Respecto al bombardeo se Veracruz cabe recordar que este tuvo ligar la madrugada del 21 de abril de 1914, en respuesta a la orden que diera el presidente norteamericano Woodrow Wilson de comenzar la acción en Veracruz, una vez que su secretario de Marina, Mr. Josephus Daniels, telegrafió las órdenes al Almirante Henry P. Fletcher: de “Apodérese de la Aduana. No permita que los pertrechos de guerra sean entregados al gobierno de Huerta o a cualquier otra facción.”
Respecto a lo anterior vale puntualizar que lo que provocó dicho suceso fueron los asesinatos del presidente Francisco I Madero y del vicepresidente José María Pino Suárez, ocurridos en la ciudad de México en febrero de 1913, y la irregular toma de la presidencia de la República por parte del general Victoriano Huerta, fueron eventos muy cercanos, cronológicamente, al ascenso al poder del nuevo presidente de los Estados Unidos, Woodrow Wilson, quien ocupó el cargo apenas diez días después, el 4 de marzo de 1913. A partir de ese momento comenzó a escribirse un nuevo capítulo en la historia de la relación entre México y Estados Unidos, que culminó con la invasión a Veracruz en 1914.
Mientras tanto, en busca de una solución al conflicto, los gobiernos de México y Estados Unidos aceptaron la mediación diplomática de Argentina, Brasil y Chile, conocida como ABC. Los delegados, reunidos en Niagara Falls, firmaron el protocolo final el 1 de julio de 1914, el cual satisfacía los deseos de Wilson de que Huerta dejara el poder. Estados Unidos no solicitó indemnización, con lo que demostraba que, efectivamente, nunca hubo una razón que justificara la invasión; por lo que la .desocupación de la ciudad se llevó a cabo el 22 de noviembre de 1914.
Retomando el desempeño militar de Álvarez García, quien fue un obregonista de corazón, cabe mencionar que el 28 de Abril de 1920, recibió despacho de Coronel de Caballería, expedido a su favor por el C. Gral. de División Benjamín G. Hill, quien le ordenó secundar el plan de Agua Prieta, como lo hizo, y obligó al Gral. Mateo Muñoz a replegarse a la Estación de Colima, y rendirse en Guadalajara al General. Enrique Estrada.
El despacho citado le fue ratificado por Don Adolfo de la Huerta en su carácter de Presidente de la República, retirándose Don Higinio a sus negocios particulares al terminarse este movimiento militar.
El 7 de diciembre de 1923, día de la defección del Gral. Enrique Estrada en Guadalajara, y del Gral. Isaías Castro en Colima, Don Higinio iba a ser asesinado por orden de Estrada, pero habiendo salido frente a sus perseguidores con las armas en la mano no se logró lo pretendido, sin embargo, su casa fue saqueada, desapareciéndose los dos despachos, que se mencionaron en los párrafos anteriores, pero existen en su expediente documentos fehacientes que comprueban su existencia.
Asimismo, el citado 7 de diciembre Higinio Álvarez llegó en la noche a su hacienda de Quizalapa, en el Municipio. de Coquimatlán, Col.; donde en una semana, organizó, montó y armó, cuatrocientos hombres, que desde luego puso a las órdenes del C. Presidente Álvaro Obregón, al mismo tiempo que estuvo amagando y sosteniendo escaramuzas con la retaguardia de los infidentes hasta fines de febrero, en que llegó a Colima el General.de División Joaquín Amaro, poniéndose a sus órdenes.
Por órdenes del Presidente Obregón organizó su gente como Regimiento pasando su Revista de Entrada con fecha 1º de marzo de 1924, concediendo a Don Higinio el Presidente Obregón el ascenso a General de Brigada con antigüedad del 7 de diciembre de 1923; pero el Gral. Álvarez suplicó al Señor Presidente aplazar la expedición de la patente respectiva con la misma antigüedad hasta que pasaran las elecciones; porque tenía aceptada la candidatura a Senador, aunque concurriría a la campaña a donde fuera necesario; participando así, al frente del “Regimiento Colima” al que después se le denominó: “N° 185 Regimiento de Caballería, a quien se le dio la tarea de recuperar la sierra de Puebla y el estado de Oaxaca, a las órdenes del Gral. Almazán.
Terminando esta campaña, se incorporó a la columna que estaba organizando en Puerto México, el General. Vicente González, formando parte de la columna que avanzó por tierra a las órdenes del General. Horacio Lucero hacia Tabasco, tomando parte en diversos hechos de armas durante el avance, y después como jefe de la Columna Expedicionaria, derrotando primero al Coronel infidente Cano y después al General de Brigada Santiago Arenas, aprendiéndolo y fusilándolo en la hacienda de Taxiete, en unión de varios Jefes y Oficiales, obedeciendo órdenes del General. Horacio Lucero. su Jefe inmediato y recibiendo felicitaciones del mismo, del Gral. González Jefe ya de las operaciones en Tabasco, así como del Gene4ral. Serrano, Secretario de Guerra, y del Presidente Álvaro Obregón.
Terminada la campaña en Tabasco, el General. Vicente González, propuso al C. Presidente de la República, el ascenso de Don Higinio a General de Brigada por haberse distinguido en el cumplimiento del deber.
De Tabasco salió a fines de agosto de 1924, llegando el 2 de septiembre a Veracruz, y allí se le detuvo por orden Presidencial para colaborar en la persecución de algunos núcleos rebeldes que aún quedaban, hasta fines de diciembre del mismo año, fecha en que pasó a la ciudad de Colima, Col., a licenciar su Regimiento e ingresar a la Cámara como Senador, ya que rehusó seguir en el Servicio a pesar de que se le ascendía a General de Brigada y se le nombraba Jefe de Operaciones en Guanajuato, donde estaba un Coronel como Jefe accidental.
Don Higinio con toda franqueza, manifestó primero al C. Presidente Álvaro Obregón y después al General Amaro Subsecretario de Guerra, Encargado del Despacho, que no quería ser subordinado del Gral. Calles. Tan sincera declaración molesto al general Plutarco Elías Calles, quien arbitrariamente ordenó su baja del ejercito a fines de diciembre de 1924, determinación que le fuera comunicada por el General de Brigada Teodoro Escalona, Jefe por entonces de las Operaciones Militares en el Estado de Colima.
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